At the beginning of the project, users can complete ‘card sorting’ exercises to inform the development of the structure of the publication or website. Card sorting can be open or closed:

• With open card sorting, you put example content on a set of cards and ask users to sort the cards into groups of similar content. You then develop labels for the groups.

• With closed card sorting, you develop a set of categories and put example content on a set of cards. You ask users to sort the cards into the predetermined categories.